2026, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impairments in social communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, and atypical sensory processing. The increasing global prevalence has emphasised the importance of early identification, an accurate understanding of etiological factors, and the implementation of evidence-based interventions to optimise developmental outcomes.

Aim: This article aims to present a comprehensive overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, focusing on definitions, prevalence and incidence, risk and etiological factors, developmental milestones, early warning signs, clinical features, and common misconceptions, while highlighting effective intervention and parent-focused management strategies.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted using authoritative diagnostic frameworks (DSM-5 and ICD-11), epidemiological data, peer-reviewed literature, and standard pediatric and nursing texts. Evidence related to early identification, symptom presentation, and multidisciplinary intervention approaches was synthesised, with a particular emphasis on behavioural, educational, therapeutic, and family-centred practices.

Conclusion: Early detection of autism through recognition of developmental red flags, combined with timely, individualised, and multidisciplinary interventions, is critical for improving communication, adaptive functioning, and quality of life in children with ASD. Parental involvement, structured educational planning, and evidence-based therapies play a central role in promoting resilience and long-term outcomes. Addressing misconceptions and strengthening inclusive support systems are essential for empowering autistic individuals and their families.